![]() The first mechanism also calls upon the subduction of the Indian continental crust below Tibet.While most of the oceanic crust was "simply" subducted below the Tibetan block during the northward motion of India, at least three major mechanisms have been put forward, either separately or jointly, to explain what happened, since collision, to the 2500 km of "missing continental crust". Since then there has been about 2500 km of crustal shortening and rotating of India by 45° counterclockwise in the Northwestern Himalaya to 10°-15° counterclockwise in North Central Nepal relative to Asia (Fig. The change of the relative speed between the Indian and Asian plates from very fast (18-19.5 cm/yr) to fast (4.5 cm/yr) at about 55 Ma is circumstantial support for collision then. In the Late Cretaceous (84 Ma), the Indian plate began its very rapid northward drift covering a distance of about 6000 km, with the oceanic-oceanic subduction continuing until the final closure of the oceanic basin and the obduction of oceanic ophiolite onto India and the beginning of continent-continent tectonic interaction starting at about 65 Ma in the Central Himalaya. The Indian plate then broke off from Australia and Antarctica in the Early Cretaceous (130-125 Ma) with the opening of the "South Indian Ocean" (Fig. ![]() ![]() However, the separation of East and West Gondwana, together with the formation of oceanic crust, occurred later, in the Callovian (160-155 Ma). The Indian continent became part of East Gondwana, together with Australia and Antarctica. In the Norian (210 Ma), a major rifting episode split Gondwana in two parts. Nowadays, Iran, Afghanistan and Tibet are partly made up of these terranes. From that time on, the Cimmerian Superterranes drifted away from Gondwana towards the north. During the Early Permian, this rift developed into the Neotethys ocean (Fig. In the Early Carboniferous, an early stage of rifting developed between the Indian subcontinent and the Cimmerian Superterranes. Numerous granitic intrusions dated at around 500 Ma are also attributed to this event. During that period, the northern part of India was affected by a late phase of the Pan-African orogeny which is marked by an unconformity between Ordovician continental conglomerates and the underlying Cambrian marine sediments. From east to west the Himalayas are divided into 3 regions, Eastern Himalaya, Central Himalaya, and Western Himalaya, which collectively house several nations and states.ĭuring Late Precambrian and the Palaeozoic, the Indian subcontinent, bounded to the north by the Cimmerian Superterranes, was part of Gondwana and was separated from Eurasia by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean (Fig. Himalaya has Indo-Gangetic Plain in south, Pamir Mountains in west in Central Asia, and Hengduan Mountains in east on China–Myanmar border. North of this lies the transhimalaya in Tibet which is outside the Himalayas. From south to north, the zones and the major faults separating them are the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT), Subhimalaya Zone (also called Sivalik), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Lesser Himalaya (further subdivided into the "Lesser Himalayan Sedimentary Zone (LHSZ) and the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline Nappes (LHCN)), Main Central thrust (MCT), Higher (or Greater) Himalayan crystallines (HHC), South Tibetan detachment system (STD), Tethys Himalaya (TH), and the Indus‐Tsangpo Suture Zone (ISZ). Each zone, flanked by the thrust faults on its north and south, has stratigraphy (type of rocks and their layering) different from the adjacent zones. From south to north the Himalaya (Himalaya orogen) is divided into 4 parallel tectonostratigraphic zones and 5 thrust faults which extend across the length of Himalaya orogen. This last feature earned the Himalaya its name, originating from the Sanskrit for "the abode of the snow". Everest Chomolangma), among the highest erosion rates at 2–12 mm/yr, the source of some of the greatest rivers and the highest concentration of glaciers outside of the polar regions. Topographically, the belt has many superlatives: the highest rate of uplift (nearly 10 mm/year at Nanga Parbat), the highest relief (8848 m at Mt. The Himalaya-Tibet region supplies fresh water for more than one-fifth of the world population, and accounts for a quarter of the global sedimentary budget. The Himalayas, which stretch over 2400 km between the Namcha Barwa syntaxis at the eastern end of the mountain range and the Nanga Parbat syntaxis at the western end, are the result of an ongoing orogeny - the collision of the continental crust of two tectonic plates, namely, the Indian Plate thrusting into the Eurasian Plate. The geology of the Himalayas is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of the immense mountain range formed by plate tectonic forces and sculpted by weathering and erosion.
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![]() ![]() Common side effects found in over 10 of people in vaginal applications include fungal infection. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-80. Additional side effects include contact dermatitis. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. Hepatobiliary disorders: Jaundice and abnormalities in liver function tests have been observed during clindamycin therapy. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Skin rash, itching, redness, swelling, or other sign of irritation not present before use of this medicine Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. a metallic taste in your mouth (after clindamycin injection). Check with your doctor as soon as possible if any of the following side effects occur: Less common.severe stomach pain, diarrhea that is watery or bloody.liver problems-loss of appetite, stomach pain (upper right side), tiredness, itching, dark urine, clay-colored stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).kidney problems-swelling, urinating less, feeling tired or short of breath.Symptoms may include: skin rash, fever, swollen glands, flu-like symptoms, muscle aches, severe weakness, unusual bruising, or yellowing of your skin or eyes. Seek medical treatment if you have a serious drug reaction that can affect many parts of your body. signs of an allergic reaction or a severe skin reaction You may report side effects to FDA at 1-80. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. ![]() Get emergency medical help if you have (hives, difficult breathing, swelling in your face or throat) (fever, sore throat, burning in your eyes, skin pain, red or purple skin rash that spreads and causes blistering and peeling). Clindamycin is an antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections including septicemia, pelvic inflammatory disease, abdominal, gynecological, respiratory tract, bone and joint, and skin and skin structure infections. loss of appetite mild diarrhea skin rash or itching darkened skin color vaginal itching or discharge. Certain medications change digital perfusion, leading to necrosis or blood vessel damage. Drug-induced changes may accumulate in, and discolor, the nail or surrounding skin. Side Effects What are the side effects of Clindamycin (Cleocin Hcl)? Most drug-induced nail changes occur when a drug affects the nail epithelia, but drugs can also affect the nail matrix, the nail bed, or the periungual tissue. |
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